![]() ![]() It performs a variety of tasks, including but not limited to creating, copying, and deleting files. The Application Programming Interface (API) is required for the file system. The Linux file system structure is shown below. The advanced data does not depend on the metadata of the file system. ![]() It also stores detailed information about the disk’s volumes and partitions. Other details the data structure holds include file modification, file update, file creation time, etc. The data structure helps you determine the available and used space on the disk for a specific block. The hierarchical directory structure needs the support of the data structure. As soon as you define the namespace, the next step is to define the metadata description of that specific file. The use of directories to organize particular files is also associated with the namespace. The namespace of a file system describes characters used to create a file name or the length of the name. The design of a file system offers significant support for non-volatile storage data by managing and providing an appropriate space. As far as the partition is concerned, mostly, it contains a single file system. A root directory can help you access all sub-directories. The hierarchical file structure of a Linux file system consists of a root directory connected to its sub-directories. It covers managing the creation date, size, and name of the files. One of the major responsibilities of this layer is the file arrangement on the disk storage. This built-in layer is commonly called a Linux file system. Linux operating systems come with a built-in layer that is used to manage the storage data. In any criminal case, the investigator needs to investigate the file system version found.05 Access Linux Partition from Windows FAQs Part 1. The latest ReFS version observed is 3.4, but the information presented about 3.2 is still valid. However, it is possible to change a registry value to avoid updating. This is why we have included information about ReFS v3.2. It is the most recent version of the ReFS file system that is most relevant for digital forensics, as Windows automatically updates the file system to the latest version on mount. At the time of writing this paper, Paragon Software is the only digital forensic tool that supports ReFS v3.x. Our work documents how ReFS v1.2 and ReFS v3.2 are structured at an abstraction level that allows digital forensic investigation of this new file system. The same is true for Paragon Software, which recently added ReFS support to their forensic product. Preliminary support for ReFS v1.2 has been available in EnCase 7 and 8, but the implementation has not been documented or peer-reviewed. For ReFS v3.2 this advantage has decreased because the standard cluster size is 4 KiB. The large default cluster size, 64 KiB, in ReFS v1.2 is an advantage when carving for deleted files, since most deleted files are less than 64 KiB and therefore only use a single cluster. ![]() This may impact file carving, because part of the blocks previously used by a deleted file might still be in use by another file. If the user changes the copy, new data runs will be created for the modified content, but unchanged blocks remain shared. When a file is copied, both the original and the new file will share the same content blocks. Further, it is possible to search for checkpoints in order to recover both metadata and content.Īnother concept not seen for Windows file systems, is the sharing of blocks. If the partition is reformatted with another file system, the backup superblocks can be used for partition recovery. ReFS uses superblocks and checkpoints in addition to a VBR, which is different from other Windows file systems. Attributes found can then be used for file recovery. This may allow metadata carving, which means searching for specific attributes that are not allocated. Further, we will focus on remnants of non-allocated metadata structures or attributes. Although ReFS is not the current standard file system in Windows, while users have the option to create ReFS file systems, digital forensic investigators need to investigate the file systems identified on a seized media. The main purpose of ReFS is to be used on storage spaces in server systems, but it can also be used in Windows 8 or newer. In this paper we will show the structure of the Resilient File System (ReFS), which has been available since Windows Server 2012 and Windows 8. NTFS is the current file system used by Windows for the system volume, but this may change in the future. Investigators of storage media have traditionally focused on the most commonly used file systems such as NTFS, FAT, ExFAT, Ext2-4, HFS+, APFS, etc. File system forensics is an important part of Digital Forensics.
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